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The double world champion's 32nd career pole, a tally that lifts him level with Britain's Nigel Mansell in the record books and one adrift of F1 greats Alain Prost and Jim Clark, also denied McLaren their 150th.
Vettel said: "I think we've learned a couple of lessons from the last few races where we were quick but we didn't get it out of the car in qualifying."
McLaren's Lewis Hamilton, who took the first win of his F1 career in Canada in 2007, was fastest during the first two practice sessions but had to settle for the second front row slot when it really mattered.
A wildly unpredictable season has produced an unprecedented six different winners from the first six races with Vettel triumphant in Bahrain
Red Bull have never won in Canada, with Vettel losing out to McLaren's Jenson Button on the last lap in a rain-hit epic in 2012, and his team bosses were determined to rectify that.
Red Bull designer and technical head Adrian Newey said: "It would be nice. Canada's been a bit of a bogey circuit for me, but it's only qualifying, we've got a long way to go tomorrow."
A technical rule change after the last race had also raised a question mark over their car but any hopes rivals might have had of a drop in performance soon vanished.
Vettel was quick in all three qualifying sessions at the sunny Circuit Gilles Villeneuve and took pole with a best lap of one minute, 13.784 seconds.
Vettel: "I think it's not just a hole in the floor that makes the difference. It was a bit of a shame that it was declared legal and then illegal but in the end we never feared a big impact on the performance of the car.
"We've had a fantastic weekend so far. Last year's race, last lap, in that moment it hurt a little bit because victory was so close but it was a tough race and easy to make mistakes. It is 2012 now but of course it would be nice, it is a nice track, a nice atmosphere it would be a great race to win," he said.
Hamilton, a two-time winner in Canada, clocked 1:14.087.
Ferrari's championship leading Fernando Alonso was third fastest and will line up alongside Red Bull’s Mark Webber, who will be looking to follow-up his win in Monaco with a victory in Canada.
Mercedes’ Nico Rosberg was fifth and will be joined on the third row by Ferrari's Felipe Massa.
Qualifying results for the Canadian F1 Grand Prix at Montreal's Circuit Gilles Villeneuve:
1. Sebastian Vettel (Germany) Red Bull 1min13.784
2. Lewis Hamilton (Britain) McLaren 1min14.087
3. Fernando Alonso (Spain) Ferrari 1min14.151
4. Mark Webber (Australia) Red Bull 1min14.346
5. Nico Rosberg (Germany) Mercedes 1min14.411
6. Felipe Massa (Brazil) Ferrari 1min14.465
7. Romain Grosjean (France) Lotus 1min14.645
8. Paul Di Resta (Britain) Force India 1min14.705
9. Michael Schumacher (Germany) Mercedes 1min14.812
10. Jenson Button (Britain) McLaren 1min15.182
11. Kamui Kobayashi (Japan) Sauber 1min14.688
12. Kimi Raikkonen (Finland) Lotus 1min14.734
13. Nico Huelkenberg (Germany) Force India 1min14.748
14. Daniel Ricciardo (Australia) Toro Rosso 1min15.078
15. Sergio Perez (Mexico) Sauber 1min15.156
16. Bruno Senna (Brazil) Williams 1min15.170
17. Pastor Maldonado (Venezuela) Williams 1min15.231
18. Heikki Kovalainen (Finland) Caterham 1min16.263
19. Vitaly Petrov (Russia) Caterham 1min16.482
20. Jean-Eric Vergne (France) Toro Rosso 1min16.602
21. Pedro de la Rosa (Spain) HRT 1min17.492
22. Timo Glock (Germany) Marussia 1min17.901
23. Charles Pic (France) Marussia 1min18.255
24. Narain Karthikeyan (India) HRT 1min18.330
Results from the final free practice session ahead of the Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal:
1. Sebastian Vettel (Germany) RedBull - Renault 1min14.442
2. Fernando Alonso (Spain) Ferrari 1min14.448
3. Lewis Hamilton (Britain) McLaren 1min14.712
4. Mark Webber (Australia) RedBull - Renault 1min14.724
5. Pastor Maldonado (Venezuela) Williams - Renault 1min14.755
6. Felipe Massa (Brazil) Ferrari 1min14.767
7. Michael Schumacher (Germany) Mercedes 1min14.796
8. Romain Grosjean (France) Lotus - Renault 1min14.873
9. Kimi Raikkonen (Finland) Lotus - Renault 1min14.977
10. Nico Huelkenberg (Germany) Force India - Mercedes 1min14.992
11. Paul Di Resta (Britain) Force India - Mercedes 1min15.067
12. Sergio Perez (Mexico) Sauber - Ferrari 1min15.112
13. Kamui Kobayashi (Japan) Sauber - Ferrari 1min15.126
14. Bruno Senna (Brazil) Williams - Renault 1min15.237
15. Jenson Button (Britain) McLaren 1min15.327
16. Daniel Ricciardo (Australia) Toro Rosso - Ferrari 1min15.498
17. Vitaly Petrov (Russia) Caterham - Renault 1min16.268
18. Heikki Kovalainen (Finland) Caterham - Renault 1min16.545
19. Pedro de la Rosa (Spain) HRT - Cosworth 1min17.705
20. Timo Glock (Germany) Marussia - Cosworth 1min17.974
21. Narain Karthikeyan (India) HRT - Cosworth 1min18.189
22. Charles Pic (France) Marussia - Cosworth 1min18.684
23. Jean-Eric Vergne (France) Toro Rosso - Ferrari
24. Nico Rosberg (Germany) Mercedes
Results from the second practice session at the Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal:
1. Lewis Hamilton (Britain) McLaren 1min15.259
2. Fernando Alonso (Spain) Ferrari 1min15.313
3. Felipe Massa (Brazil) Ferrari 1min15.410
4. Sebastian Vettel (Germany) Red Bull 1min15.531
5. Paul Di Resta (Britain) Force India 1min15.544
6. Kamui Kobayashi (Japan) Sauber 1min15.651
7. Michael Schumacher (Germany) Mercedes 1min15.697
8. Nico Huelkenberg (Germany) Force India 1min15.799
9. Jenson Button (Britain) McLaren 1min15.812
10. Nico Rosberg (Germany) Mercedes 1min15.878
11. Sergio Perez (Mexico) Sauber 1min15.898
12. Mark Webber (Australia) Red Bull 1min15.907
13. Pastor Maldonado (Venezuela) Williams 1min15.987
14. Romain Grosjean (France) Lotus 1min16.360
15. Kimi Raikkonen (Finland) Lotus 1min16.562
16. Heikki Kovalainen (Finland) Caterham 1min16.981
17. Bruno Senna (Brazil) Williams 1min17.022
18. Vitaly Petrov (Russia) Caterham 1min17.075
19. Jean-Eric Vergne (France) Toro Rosso 1min17.124
20. Daniel Ricciardo (Australia) Toro Rosso 1min17.716
21. Pedro de la Rosa (Spain) HRT 1min18.908
22. Timo Glock (Germany) Marussia 1min19.084
23. Narain Karthikeyan (India) HRT 1min19.378
24. Charles Pic (France) Marussia 1min19.902
First free practice session results at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve:
1. Lewis Hamilton (Britain) McLaren 1min15.564
2. Sebastian Vettel (Germany) Red Bull 1min15.682
3. Nico Rosberg (Germany) Mercedes 1min15.782
4. Fernando Alonso (Spain) Ferrari 1min15.842
5. Mark Webber (Australia) Red Bull 1min15.897
6. Nico Huelkenberg (Germany) Force India 1min15.986
7. Kamui Kobayashi (Japan) Sauber 1min16.000
8. Sergio Perez (Mexico) Sauber 1min16.249
9. Michael Schumacher (Germany) Mercedes 1min16.264
10. Jenson Button (Britain) McLaren 1min16.347
11. Paul Di Resta (Britain) Force India 1min16.460
12. Felipe Massa (Brazil) Ferrari 1min16.619
13. Pastor Maldonado (Venezuela) Williams 1min16.859
14. Romain Grosjean (France) Lotus 1min16.890
15. Kimi Raikkonen (Finland) Lotus 1min17.014
16. Jean-Eric Vergne (France) Toro Rosso 1min17.352
17. Daniel Ricciardo (Australia) Toro Rosso 1min17.580
18. Vitaly Petrov (Russia) Caterham 1min17.935
19. Heikki Kovalainen (Finland) Caterham 1min18.177
20. Pedro de la Rosa (Spain) HRT 1min18.182
21. Bruno Senna (Brazil) Williams 1min18.762
22. Narain Karthikeyan (India) HRT 1min19.354
23. Timo Glock (Germany) Marussia 1min20.004
24. Charles Pic (France) Marussia 1min20.067
Stay with Wheels24 for the Canadian Grand Prix weekend!